I often like to discuss science online and I'm also rather partial to topics that promote lively discussion, such as climate change, crime statistics, and (perhaps surprisingly) the Big Bang. This inevitably brings out the trolls.
'Don't feed the trolls' is sound advice, but I've ignored it on occasion-including on the Conversation and Twitter-and I've been rewarded. Not that I've changed the minds of any trolls, nor have I expected to.
But I have received an education in the tactics many trolls use. These tactics are common not just to trolls but to bloggers, journalists, and politicians who attack science, from climate to cancer research.
Often attacks on science employ logic so flawed that it would be laughable in everyday life.
Some techniques are comically simple. Emotionally charged, yet evidence-free, accusations of scams, fraud, and cover-ups are common. While they mostly lack credibility, such accusations may be effective at polarizing debate and reducing understanding.
And I wish I had a dollar each time a scientifically incompetent ideologue claimed science is a religion. The chairman of the Australian prime minister's Business Advisory Council, Maurice Newman, recently trotted out that old chestnut in the Australian. Australia's chief scientist, Ian Chubb, was less than impressed by Newman's use of that tactic.
Unfortunately there are too many tactics to discuss in just one article (sorry Gish Gallop and Strawman), so I will focus on just a few that I've encountered online and in the media recently.
'EXPERTS'
Internet trolls know who their experts are. There are thousands of professors scattered across academia, so it isn't surprising that a few contrarians can be found. In online discussions I've been told of the contrarian views of 'respected' professors from Harvard, MIT, and Princeton.
Back in the Conversation's early days I even copped abuse for not being at Princeton by someone who was clearly unfamiliar with both science and my employment history. It was a useful lesson that vitriol is often disconnected from knowledge and expertise.
At times expert opinion is totally misrepresented, often with remarkable confidence.
Responding to one of my Conversation articles, the Australian Financial Review's Mark Lawson distorted the findings of CSIRO's John Church on sea levels.
Even after I confirmed with Church that Lawson had the science wrong, Lawson wouldn't back down.
Such distortions aren't limited to online debates. In the Australian, Maurice Newman warned about imminent global cooling and cited professor Mike Lockwood's research as evidence.
But Lockwood himself stated last year that solar variability this century may reduce warming by:
between 0.06 and 0.1 degrees Celsius, a very small fraction of the warming we're due to experience as a result of human activity.
Newman's claims were debunked, by his expert, before he even wrote his article.
Sometimes experts are quoted correctly, but they happen to disagree with the vast majority of their equally qualified (or more qualified) colleagues. How do the scientifically illiterate select this minority of experts?
I've asked trolls this question a few times and, funnily enough, they cannot provide good answers. To be blunt, they are choosing experts based on agreeable conclusions rather than scientific rigor, and this problem extends well beyond online debates.
Earlier this month, Australian Senator Eric Abetz controversially seemed to link abortions with breast cancer on Channel Ten's ' The Project.'
While Abetz distanced himself from these claims, his media statement doesn't dispute them and talks up the expertise of Dr. Angela Lanfranchi, who does link abortions with breast cancer.
Abetz does not have expertise in medical research, so why did he give Lanfranchi's views similar or more weight than those of most doctors, including the Australian Medical Association's president Brian Owler, who say there is no clear link between abortion and breast cancer?
They are choosing experts based on agreeable conclusions rather than scientific rigor, and this problem extends well beyond online debates.
If Abetz cannot evaluate the medical research data and methods, is his choice largely based on Lanfranchi's conclusions? Why won't he accept the views of most medical professionals, who can evaluate the relevant evidence?
Abetz may be doctor shopping, not for a desired diagnosis or drug, but for an desired expert opinion. And just as doctor shopping can result in the wrong diagnosis, doctor shopping for opinions gives you misleading conclusions.
BROKEN LOGIC
Often attacks on science employ logic so flawed that it would be laughable in everyday life. If I said my car was blue, and thus no cars are red, you would be unimpressed. And yet when non-experts discuss science, such flawed logic is often employed.
Carbon dioxide emissions are leading to rapid climate change now, and gradual natural climate change has also taken place over eons. There's no reason for natural and anthropogenic climate change to be mutually exclusive, and yet climate change deniers frequently use natural climate change in an attempt to disprove anthropogenic global warming.
Unfortunately, Australia's prime minister, Tony Abbott, employed similar broken logic after the 2013 bushfires:
Australia has had fires and floods since the beginning of time. We've had much bigger floods and fires than the ones we've recently experienced. You can hardly say they were the result of anthropic [sic] global warming.
Bushfires are a natural part of the Australian environment but that does not exclude climate change altering the frequency and intensity of those fires. Indeed, the Forest Fire Danger Index has been increasing across Australia since the 1970s.
Why the prime minister would employ such flawed logic, and contradict scientific research, is puzzling.
GALILEO
The Italian scientist and astronomer Galileo Galilei was infamously persecuted by the politically powerful Catholic Church because of his promotion of the sun-centered solar system.
While Galileo suffered house arrest, his views ultimately triumphed because they were supported by observation, while the Church's stance relied on theology.
The Galileo Gambit is a debating technique that perverts this history to defend nonsense. Criticisms by the vast majority of scientists are equated with the opinions of 17th-century clergy, while a minority promoting pseudoscience are equated with Galileo.
Ironically, the Galileo Gambit is often employed by those who have no scientific expertise and strong ideological reasons for attacking science. And its use isn't restricted to online debates.
Bizarrely, even the politically powerful and well connected are partial to the Galileo Gambit. Maurice Newman (once again) rejects the consensus view of climate scientists and, when questioned on his rejection of the science, his (perhaps predictable) response was: 'Well, Galileo was virtually on his own.'
Newman's use of a tactic of trolls and cranks is worthy of criticism. The triumph of Galileo's views were a result of his capacity to develop scientific ideas and test them via observation. Newman, and many of those who attack science, notably lack this ability.
This post originally appeared on The Conversation as 'What I Learned From Debating Science With Trolls' and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
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