Inspired by the architecture of the brain, scientists have developed a new kind of computer chip that draws no more power than a hearing aid and may eventually excel at calculations that stump today's supercomputers.
The new processor, named TrueNorth, was developed by researchers at I.B.M. and detailed in an article published Wednesday in the journal Science. The chip attempts to mimic the way brains recognize patterns, relying on densely interconnected webs of transistors similar to the brain's neural networks.
The new chip's electronic 'neurons' are able to signal others when a type of data - light, for example -passes a certain threshold. Working in parallel, the neurons begin to organize the data into patterns suggesting the light is growing brighter, or changing color or shape.
The processor may thus be able to recognize that a woman in a video is picking up a purse, or reaching into a pocket and pulling out a quarter. Humans are able to recognize these acts without conscious thought, yet today's computers and robots struggle to interpret them.
The chip contains 5.4 billion transistors, yet draws just 70 milliwatts of power. By contrast, modern Intel processors in today's personal computers and data centers may have 1.4 billion transistors and consume far more power - 35 to 140 watts.
Today's conventional microprocessors and graphics processors are capable of performing billions of mathematical operations a second, yet the new chip system clock makes its calculations barely a thousand times a second. Yet because of the vast number of circuits working in parallel, it is still capable of performing 46 billion operations a second per watt of energy consumed, according to I.B.M. researchers.
The TrueNorth has one million 'neurons,' about as complex as the brain of a bee.
'It is a remarkable achievement in terms of scalability and low power consumption,' said Horst Simon, the deputy director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
He compared the new design to the advent of parallel supercomputers in the 1980s, which he recalled was like moving from a two-lane road to a superhighway.
The new approach to design, referred to variously as neuromorphic or cognitive computing, is still in its infancy, and the I.B.M. chips are not yet commercially available. Yet the design has touched off a vigorous debate over the best approach to speeding up the neural networks increasingly used in computing.
The idea of that neural networks might be useful in processing information occurred to engineers in the 1940s, before the invention of modern computers. Only recently, as computing has grown drastically in memory capacity and processing speed, have they proved to be powerful computing tools.
In recent years, companies like Google, Microsoft and Apple have turned to pattern recognition driven by neural networks to vastly improve the quality of such services as speech recognition and photo classification.
But Yann Lecun, the director of artificial intelligence research at Facebook and a pioneering expert in neural networks, said he was skeptical that I.B.M.'s approach would ever outpace today's fastest commercial processors.
'The chip appears to be very limited in many ways, and the performance is not what it seems,' he wrote in an email distributed to journalists. In particular, he criticized as inadequate the testing of the chip's ability to detect moving pedestrians and cars.
'This particular task won't impress anyone in computer vision or machine learning,' he wrote. While special-purpose chips running neural networks might be useful for a range of applications, he said he remained skeptical about the design that I.B.M. has chosen.
Several neuroscience researchers and computer scientists disputed his critique.
'The TrueNorth chip is like the first transistor,' said Terry Sejnowski, the director of the Salk Institute Computational Neurobiology Laboratory. 'It will take many generations before it can compete, but when it does, it will be a scalable architecture that can be delivered to cellphones, something that Yann's G.P.U.s will never be able to do.'
G.P.U. refers to graphics processing unit, the type of chip used today to deliver graphics and video to computer screens.
I.B.M.'s research was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, a research arm of the Pentagon, under a program called Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable, or SyNAPSE. According to Gill Pratt, the program manager, the agency is pursuing twin goals in its effort to design ultralow-power biological processors.
The first, he said, is to automate some of the surveillance done by military drones: 'We have lots of data and not enough people to look at them.'
The second goal is to create a new kind of laboratory instrument to allow neuroscientists to quickly test new theories about how brains function.
Yann Lecun
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